| Cataracts are a common eye condition where the lens inside the eye becomes
cloudy. Assuming we live long enough, everyone is susceptible to getting cataracts.
It is a normal part of aging. Cataract surgery is the treatment used to restore
your vision, possibly making it even better than before your cataracts developed. Seibel Vision Surgery offers the most modern, state-of-the-art cataract
surgical skills, technology, and innovations to achieve your best possible vision. Cataracts (CAT-a-racts)
On separate pages:
The word "cataract" comes from an ancient word meaning "waterfall".
A mature cataract is a clouding of the crystalline
lens inside the eye that makes the world look
like the inside of a waterfall. Life is viewed as you were looking through a
piece of frosted glass or one that is fogged with steam.
Cataracts are a natural part of aging. Most people who develop them are older
adults. Almost everyone reaching their mid-sixties has some form of a cataract
in one or both eyes. Cataracts do not cause irreversible blindness. They are
not dangerous in any way. They do not spread from one eye to the other. A cataract
is not a growth or film that covers the surface of the eye, and certainly not
a tumor, but simply a change in the clarity of the natural crystalline lens
(see diagram below).
Parts of the eye
Cataract development
Risks
Parts Of The Eye
The eye is a two-lens system:
the crystalline lens is located inside the eye, whereas the cornea is the lens
at the front of the eye. The crystalline lens
sets behind the iris (colored part) and the pupil (dark opening) and is held
in place by a tiny sack, called the posterior capsule or capsular bag.
The way your eyes work is very similar to the functioning of a camera. Both
the camera and your eyes have an internal lens that projects an image onto a
film. In the eye, the lens is focused using incredibly small muscles. The
retina at the back of the eye can be compared to camera film, but consisting
of a thin layer of photosensitive cells.
If the lens in a camera were smudged or scratched, the pictures would turn out
blurred. Similarly, as the lens in your eye becomes cloudy with a cataract,
your view of the world is blurred. As a cataract becomes denser, it also takes
on a brownish hue, resulting in an image that is both blurred and discolored.
An ideal crystalline lens is transparent, absolutely clear. Light bounces off
whatever you are looking at, whatever is in your field
of vision, and travels through the lens, bending as
it does to concentrate itself upon the retina.
The retina acts as a collector of information, gathering light transmission and
sending electrical impulses to your brain. The brain then translates that into
a mental image, allowing you to "see".
If your lens has turned into a cataract, and the light rays are unable to pass
through as well as they used to, the retina cannot collect information accurately.
Whatever is sent to the brain is then difficult to translate, and what you see
in your mind appears clouded.
A healthy, youthful lens is also quite elastic and will accommodate, or
change shape, getting fatter for close objects and thinner for distant objects.
This flexibility allows you to see both near and far, simply by shifting your
gaze. As you age, lens elasticity lessens; the lens becomes less flexible, and
your vision becomes more fixed to a singular distance, thus the need for reading,
or multi-focal glasses. Loss of accommodation occurs independent of cataract
development and is called presbyopia.
 Back to How It Works Cataract Development:
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|  Anterior cortical cataract
looks like a star.  Mature or "ripe" cataract.
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Not all cataracts develop the same. The most common type involves an overall
evenly distributed clouding of the lens. Others may develop in only
one area and then spread out from there making a star shaped pattern. Cataracts
may take years to form, or they may occur rapidly within a few months. While
cataracts can affect both eyes at the same time, they may develop at different
rates.
The lens is made of mostly water and protein, with the protein arranged in a
very special way that makes the lens clear and allows light to pass through.
As we get on in years, the tiny protein molecules begin to clump together,
resulting in the gradual clouding of the lens. This cloudiness grows denser
and denser until no light can pass
through the lens at all. Long ago, this process was referred to as ripening,
a ripe cataract being one that is completely opaque. Back then, surgeons waited
until the cataract was ripe before removing it and no lens was put in its place.
People had to wear very thick "cataract eye glasses".
The reasons for waiting were primarily due to the methods used at that time for
cataract removal. These methods were called IntraCapsular Cataract Extraction
(ICCE) and and ExtraCapsular Cataract Extraction (ECCE). Both needed a dense,
ripe cataract in order to function, as the cataract was removed intact and
had to be firm enough. Also, the stitches, red eyes, and long recovery period
persuaded both doctors and patients to wait until the vision was substantially
impaired enough to warrant undergoing the relative ordeal of this operation.
While ICCE is almost non-existent today, some surgeons still perform the outdated
and more risky ECCE on a routine or occasional basis. Dr. Seibel removes
cataracts using the most advanced phacoemulsification methods, in fact, he
wrote the most popular book on how to perform cataract surgery, called Phacodynamics.
With modern phacoemulsification techniques (known as phaco, or KPE), cataract
surgery is a sublimely advanced procedure and can now be safely performed whenever
the patient's vision and ability to function is impaired enough to interfere
with ordinary daily tasks. Risks: Are cataracts harmful to your eyes?
Leaving a cataract in the eye is not harmful except in very rare situations.
In most cases, surgery can be postponed for as long as the patient desires,
or not done at all. The only side effect would be the less clarity of vision
and maybe eventual blindness. Over time, cataracts do increase in size and
hardness, and if the cataract is very advanced, the surgery can be more difficult
to perform. However, even then, the result is usually very good. Back to How It Works Causes of Cataracts
As with most things that occur in the human body, the exact cause is unclear. People have been getting cataracts as far back as medical history has been recorded, so this is not a modern phenomenon. If they live long enough, everyone eventually gets them. It is just as much part of aging as getting wrinkles or gray hair. Occasionally, people are born with cataracts, and sometimes a cataract develops in one eye only after significant trauma, usually from an impact of some sort like from a racquetball or golf ball. Exposure to excessive X-rays, intense heat or possibly too much sunlight can also cause cataracts. In addition, smokers tend to have a higher occurrence of cataracts than non-smokers. Other contributing factors may include family history, eye surgery, puncture wounds, medications such as corticosteroids, chronic inflammation known as uveitis, or diabetes. However, aging seems to be the main culprit. Symptoms of Cataracts
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| normal vision 
 cataract free |
| cloudy vision 
 noticeable cataract |
Common cataract symptoms include poor night vision, a bothersome glare produced by bright lights, painless blurring of vision, and a fading or yellowing of colors. If this develops slowly over a period of years, it might not be immediately noticeable. There may be little or even no perceived effects for quite some time. However, eventually, vision becomes a little blurred, like looking through a smudgy piece of glass. You might notice that you are becoming more nearsighted, or experience double vision (even with one eye covered). Light from the sun or a lamp might cause an uncomfortable glare, and when you
drive at night, the oncoming headlights may seem overly irritating, causing you to stress over making your way safely. It becomes harder to read and do other normal tasks, and you may go through a series of frequent changes in your eyeglass prescription.
Colors may not appear as brilliant as they once did. People might comment on the fact that you are now wearing brighter clothing, heavier make-up, or your hair is dyed an unfamiliar hue. These are all the natural compensations of viewing your world through cloudy-yellowed cataracts.
You don't have to be a senior citizen before noticing these symptoms. People can have age-related cataracts in their forties and fifties, although those are most often in the beginning stages and rarely affect vision. It is typically during the mid-sixties when vision becomes impaired enough to cause interference.
Diagnosis of Cataracts
Although you may think you have a cataract, there is only one way to know for sure, by having an eye examination. If you are over sixty years old, you should have an eye examination by a qualified eye doctor at least once every two years. Once each year is recommended for complete evaluation including glaucoma screening.
Pupils are the internal openings between the front and back of the eyes, like tiny windows that you look through. Minute muscles make the iris close or open, thus controlling the amount of light coming in. Your eye exam should include dilating your pupils. This means drops are put into your eyes that make your pupils open up, or enlarge temporarily in a fixed position.
A cataract can be detected without dilating the pupils, but doing so allows much better evaluation of both the cataract as well as the eyes internal anatomy. This is essential for finding potential problems. Getting a good view of the retina and optic nerve is used for early detection of eye diseases such as glaucoma and macular degeneration. Timing of Cataract Surgery
Just having a cataract does not mean that you must undergo surgery. Even if your ophthalmologist finds a cataract, you may not need to have it removed for several years. In fact, you might never need cataract surgery. A change in your eyeglass prescription may satisfactorily improve vision for a while. Magnifying lenses or stronger lighting may facilitate daily activities. However, if your cataracts interfere with your everyday activities, such as reading or driving, you do not have to put up with them.
The time to consider cataract surgery is highly individual. As a rule, when your vision falls below 20/40, you will notice a significant impact on daily functioning. To what degree will vary from person to person. A pilot, for example, may require surgery in the earliest stage of cataract development, while someone with considerably lesser demands might not be bothered by a much denser development.
Eventually, safety considerations may be a factor, as a developing cataract steadily limits a person's involvement in a normal, independent lifestyle. Cataracts can be hazardous when they substantially interfere with your ability to see street signs, traffic lights or freeway exits, drive at night, step off curbs or steps, recognize faces, cook, iron, read medicine labels, or write checks, and sign binding documents.
As this is a highly individual matter, it is one you should discuss with your physician. By having your vision tested regularly, you can gather enough information to make an informed decision.
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|  Intraocular Lens Implant |
Treatment of Cataracts
Surgery is the only way to remove a cataract. There are no medications, vitamins, eye drops, exercises, or glasses that will cause cataracts to disappear. The clouded lens must be removed and replaced with a clear vision-correcting intraocular lens (read more about this procedure). Do lasers remove cataracts?
The answer is generally no, however future developments may change that. Today's
most refined, advanced, state-of-the-art method of cataract removal involves
using ultrasonic sound waves (called phacoemulsification), not laser light.
Although there are now a handful of machines that use laser technology instead
of ultrasound for cataract surgery, these machines are presently limited with
regard to the types and densities of cataracts that they can effectively remove.
Because of this, a surgeon could conceivably have to stop in the middle of
an operation, if the laser machine proved ineffective, and have to switch over
to the more versatile ultrasonic machine.
The few companies that make laser cataract removal machines are relatively
small and new in the field. Perhaps, in the next 5 or 10 years, these companies
and their machines may reach the level of development, versatility and support
that would allow their recommendation. At this time Dr. Seibel, who is a renowned
consultant to industry in this area, believes ultrasonic phacoemulsification
to be the safest, most efficient, and state-of-the-art approach to modern cataract
surgery. The phacoemulsification systems are backed by the major worldwide
companies in ophthalmology, and can handle virtually any type of cataract.
Although they are not used for routine removal of cataracts, lasers are typically
used for the removal of capsular haze, which is a thin film of scar
tissue that occasionally forms on the posterior capsule behind the implant
lens. This is painless and occurs for a small percentage of patients who have
undergone cataract surgery, causing the vision to temporarily be blurred again.
Patients sometimes think their cataract has "grown back", but it
hasn't. Once a cataract has been removed, it will not reoccur.
A special Nd:YAG laser is used to remove capsular haze. An opening is made
in the scar tissue with the laser, allowing vision to be restored. With modern
intraocular lens implant designs, and materials, the incidence of posterior
capsule clouding has fallen to very low levels, under 10% in Dr. Seibel's practice
as compared to 30% to 50% rates that are more common elsewhere. Although a
YAG laser posterior capsulotomy is a painless, relatively low-risk procedure,
you have a right to know what your chances are of having to undergo this second
procedure based on your surgeon's track record (read
more).
Continue to: Cataract Surgery, Preparation. In separate sections
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